Synergistic Photocatalysis and Piezocatalysis in Organic Coupling: Mechanistic Insights, Perspectives, and Emerging Challenges

This critical review aims to highlight the problem and confusion among the scientific community between sono- and piezocatalysis effect nomenclature, especially whenever the photocatalytic effect is included. We have summarized, compared, and critically evaluated state-of-the-art experiments that help distinguish true piezocatalysis from sonocatalysis. We have highlighted the strengths and limitations of the current best practices for reliably confirming piezocatalytic activity. As an emerging field, we have outlined the present challenges in piezocatalytic and piezophotocatalytic organic synthesis (by C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds coupling) and we have discussed the mechanistic role of piezoelectric effects in selectivity and bond activation. Finally, we offer our views on the future practical applications of using biomass resources. This goal has become a global research challenge in the search for a low-carbon footprint for the future. Conventional techniques for converting biomass often struggle with inefficiency, low yield, and selectivity, as well as high energy demands. To overcome these issues, new methods that combine various processes, such as piezocatalysis and piezophotocatalysis, are becoming increasingly popular. We have focused our interest mainly on developments over the last 5 years.