Characterization of the Omnivorous Lygus lineolaris Diet in a Strawberry Field by Metataxonomy

ABSTRACT Lygus lineolaris is a highly polyphagous pest that impacts key crops such as strawberries, making an understanding of its feeding behavior critical for developing effective management strategies. Using metataxonomy, this study examined the dietary breadth of L. lineolaris in a commercial strawberry field in Quebec, revealing an extensive and diverse omnivorous diet. The multiprimer approach, combined with validation samples, ensured high taxonomic resolution and accuracy. We expanded the documented list of L. lineolaris host taxa to 475, including 441 plants and 34 prey species, with 51 taxa unique to this research, comprising eight new plant hosts and five prey species. Molecular evidence confirmed active ingestion, underscoring its omnivorous behavior with a predominantly herbivorous tendency. Notably, 70% of individuals fed exclusively on plants, 20% exhibited omnivory, and only 4% were strictly zoophagous. To quantify the level of phytozoophagy in omnivorous species, we propose a novel coefficient of omnivory (CO), calculated as CO = P /( P + Z), where P and Z represent the number of individuals with molecular evidence of phytophagy and zoophagy, respectively. With a CO of 0.833 (95% CI: 0.77–0.90), L. lineolaris demonstrates a strong bias toward plant feeding. Diet composition varied seasonally and between sexes, with females showing increased zoophagy during reproductive periods. These findings highlight L. lineolaris 's dietary flexibility and resilience, providing critical insights into its feeding ecology and food web interactions to inform targeted integrated pest management strategies tailored to its omnivorous nature.