Microtopography and land management drive the spatial and population structures of a Mediterranean keystone species

Abstract Environmental and human factors shape the distribution and habitat of Mediterranean woody plants, influencing their population structure and conservation. The Iberian wild pear ( Pyrus bourgaeana ), a keystone fleshy‐fruited species supporting wildlife during resource‐scarce periods, is one such example. However, its habitat association and spatial patterns in Mediterranean managed woodland areas remain poorly understood. This study investigates its associations with microtopography and habitat heterogeneity in two key managed areas—dehesa (DEH) and abandoned olive grove (AOG)—within its core range in southern Spain. All trees ≥5 cm in diameter were mapped in a 223.3‐ha plot, classified by size and age, and analyzed using spatial analysis, generalized linear models, and the torus translation test. Results showed stronger tree clustering in the AOG, with overall aggregation at small to intermediate scales (10–30 m), especially in older and larger trees. Positive associations were found between tree age, size, and microtopographic features. This light‐demanding species preferred higher elevations and sunnier slopes. Human activities have significantly altered the species' structure: forest conversion to olive groves eliminated the Iberian wild pears, but abandonment allowed some regeneration via animal‐dispersed seeds. However, increased ungulate density from hunting and cattle grazing, particularly in DEH, now severely limits regeneration, causing local declines. These findings highlight how historical land use and current grazing pressures affect the species viability and underscore the importance of targeted conservation strategies to preserve its role in Mediterranean ecosystems.