Multiobjective Optimization of Courtyard Block Characteristics for Enhanced Thermal Performance and Cooling Efficiency

The current investigation focuses on optimizing the courtyard blocks’ thermal performance and cooling efficiency. The case studies are types A, B, and C, which are optimized via NSGA‐II and SMS‐EMOA. The major focus is on the Average Universal Thermal Climate Index (Av. UTCI) and cooling efficiency, where the multiobjective forms of optimizers are applied. The input variables for the optimization include block height (12–35 m), orientation (0°–360°), and spacing between blocks (10–25 m). Due to the nonlinear correlation between these data and optimization's goals, the polynomial feature generation is implemented to assess a robust linear regression model for predicting Av. UTCI and cooling performance. The results show that NSGA‐II consistently achieves a superior Pareto frontier compared to SMS‐EMOA, providing a better balance between Av. UTCI and cooling efficiency, particularly for type A blocks. Additionally, applying the pseudo‐weights method identifies ideal and nonideal solutions, demonstrating that optimized courtyard designs can significantly enhance thermal comfort and cooling performance. Overall, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of NSGA‐II for complex multiobjective optimization in courtyard design.