An Overview of Rosa x damascena : Cultivation, Production Methods, Applications, Challenges and Prospectives

ABSTRACT The aromatic flowers of Rosa x damascena , priced for their captivating fragrance, are a crucial resource in essential oil production, finding versatile use in both fragrances and food products. This review explores the extensive research on Rosa x damascena , emphasising its distinct fragrance and varied applications. Covering cultivation practices, product uses, oil extraction methods, chemical components, and challenges faced, this study aims for a holistic understanding of this aromatic shrub. The discussion extends to products, emphasising its role in the essential oil industry and its incorporation into diverse food items. Oil production methods are analysed, showcasing traditional and modern extraction techniques. Chemical components contributing to the unique fragrance and therapeutic properties are explored. The review also examines applications in perfumery, cosmetics and medicinal products, addressing challenges in cultivation and production. This comprehensive overview aims to serve scholars, researchers and industry professionals, synthesising information on Rosa x damascena cultivation, applications, production, components, challenges and future prospects on the global stage of essential oil production.