The Application of Iron Nanoparticles Green‐Synthesized by Coptis chinensis Leaf Aqueous Extract in Reducing the TNF ‐α and IL1 ‐β Inflammatory Cytokines in the Rat Periodontal Model

ABSTRACT The study purpose was to examine how the green‐synthesized iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) made from Coptis chinensis extract affected the TNF‐α and IL1‐β gingival levels in the rat periodontal model. The extract from C. chinensis was utilized as a green reducing agent and a great stabilizer for the Fe NPs that were produced. The as‐synthesized Fe NPs were physicochemically characterized using FT‐IR, UV–Vis, EDX, XRD, and FE‐SEM. Male rats were given 0–3 ligatures around the neck of their right mandibular first tooth to develop inflammatory periodontitis. In the positive control group, indomethacin (5 mg/kg) was administered daily. As a pre/post treatment, Fe NPs (0.1 mg/kg) were directly injected into the gum tissue after being dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. ELISA was used to assess the TNF‐α and IL1‐β gingival levels. The Fe‐O bond is identified in the FT‐IR as the vibration band at 568 cm −1 . The UV–Vis data indicate that FeNPs are linked to the band at 294 nm. The peaks in the collected data at 6.44 keV for FeKα, 7.13 keV for FeLβ, and 0.71 keV for FeLα proved the presence of iron in the EDX. The signals are indexed as (311), (400), and (440) planes with 2 θ values of 38.3, 44.3, and 64.5. The findings showed that the rat periodontal model's gum tissue could produce less TNF‐α and IL1‐β when Fe NPs were administered ( p ≤ 0.01). Additionally, the study's findings showed that gingival tissue in a periodontitis model had higher levels of IL1‐β and TNF‐α than the control group ( p ≤ 0.01). The anti‐inflammatory efficacies of indomethacin and Fe NPs did not differ significantly. Because C. chinensis extract directly inhibits pro‐inflammatory cytokines, it can be used to reduce inflammation in a rat periodontal model both before and after treatment with green‐synthesized FeNPs.