Lipid Profile Alterations Across Coronary Heart Disease, Metabolic Syndrome, and Nephrotic Syndrome

BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia was a hallmark of metabolic disturbances in coronary heart disease (CHD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and nephrotic syndrome (NS), yet the specific lipid profile patterns characteristic of each disease remained insufficiently defined. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to clearly characterize and compare the qualitative features of lipid profiles across patients with CHD, MetS, and NS, and to identify key lipid markers associated with disease classification using multinomial logistic regression. METHODS: A total of 180 patients were enrolled and classified into three groups (CHD, MetS, NS) based on established diagnostic criteria. 60 healthy controls were concurrently enrolled. Lipidomic profiles and additional laboratory parameters were measured using validated analytical methods. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between lipid parameters and disease categories. RESULTS: Lipid profile analysis revealed distinct qualitative trends across the disease groups. The CHD group demonstrated notably higher levels of TC and sdLDL, the MetS group exhibited prominent increases in TG and ApoE, while the NS group showed a broad and pronounced elevation across most measured lipid parameters. By contrast, the healthy control group consistently presented uniformly lower lipid levels. LASSO-guided multinomial logistic regression identified TC, TG, ApoB, ApoE, and sdLDL-C as independent predictors of disease classification. CONCLUSIONS: Distinct patterns of dyslipidemia were observed in CHD, MetS, and NS. TC and sdLDL-C might serve as robust markers for CHD, while ApoB demonstrated disease-specific variability with diagnostic potential. These findings underscored the importance of detailed lipid profiling for improved risk stratification and targeted management.