Direct AMPK Activation Confers Mutation‐Independent Therapeutic Benefit in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

BACKGROUND: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe, life-limiting neuromuscular disorder (NMD) characterized by progressive muscle wasting and mitochondrial dysfunction. Although gene therapies offer promise, even those already approved by regulatory agencies, their use remains constrained by mutation specificity, delivery challenges and durability. Pharmacologically targeting AMPK has shown potential to ameliorate dystrophic pathology, but prior strategies have been hindered by inadequate efficacy and off-target effects. METHODS: ) or vehicle for 7 weeks, with healthy DBA/2J mice serving as controls. Additionally, DMD patient-derived myotubes (n = 4) were treated with MK (1 μM, 24 h) to assess AMPK-mediated cellular adaptations in human cells. RESULTS: Transcriptomic profiling revealed that MK modulated 206 DMD-associated transcripts, reversing expression of 73 upregulated and 133 downregulated genes. In vivo, MK-treated D2.mdx mice showed enhanced AMPK signalling (ACC phosphorylation, +120%-150%; p < 0.05), increased Ppargc1a expression (+60%, p < 0.05) and reduced inflammation- and fibrosis-associated transcripts (-25%-50%; p < 0.05). Seven weeks of daily MK treatment enhanced (+95%; p < 0.05) whole-body lipid oxidation during active periods without affecting energy expenditure or activity. Notably, we observed that repeated MK dosing did not adversely impact cardiac morphology or function (p > 0.05). MK-treated D2.mdx mice demonstrated improved grip strength fatigability (-35%, p < 0.05), inverted hang performance (+100%, p < 0.05) and treadmill exercise capacity (+20%, p < 0.05). Additional ex vivo muscle assessments revealed (+30%; p < 0.05) greater peak isometric force and improved twitch contractile kinetics. These functional adaptations were coincident with reduced myofibre damage and fibrosis, with increased sarcolemmal expression of utrophin, γ-sarcoglycan and β-dystroglycan (+10%-70%; p < 0.05), despite no changes in fibre size or mass. Mitochondrial assessments showed increased State III respiration (+80%; p < 0.05), reduced reactive oxygen species production (-70%; p < 0.05) and elevated OXPHOS protein content (+25%-45%; p < 0.05). In patient-derived myotubes, MK similarly activated AMPK signalling, increased mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins (+25%-35%; p < 0.05) and enhanced maximal oxygen consumption (+50%-80%; p < 0.05) in DMDΔ44 and DMDΔ45 lines. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that sustained, systemic activation of AMPK safely improves muscle function, metabolic health and dystrophic pathology in a mutation-independent manner. This supports the therapeutic potential of direct AMPK agonists as a disease-modifying strategy for DMD and other neuromuscular disorders.