A Graphene‐Based THz Biosensor for Accurate and Rapid Liver Cancer Detection

ABSTRACT This work introduces a highly sensitive and reconfigurable terahertz (THz) biosensor developed for detecting liver cancer biomarkers. The proposed sensor consists of a hybrid graphene‐gold THz biosensor patterned on a dielectric substrate, ensuring strong plasmonic confinement and tunable resonance behavior. A machine learning framework employing the K‐Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm was implemented to optimize the interaction among graphene's chemical potential, relaxation time, and temperature. Electromagnetic simulations combined with KNN predictions reveal outstanding sensing performance, achieving 76.36 GHz/RIU for normal liver tissue, 130.43 GHz/RIU for AFP, 187.38 GHz/RIU for DCP, and 220.41 GHz/RIU for VEGF. The structure exhibits high quality factors up to 38.85 and a figure of merit of approximately 1.69 RIU −1 , confirming its excellent capability to distinguish healthy from malignant tissues. This compact and dynamically tunable design demonstrates strong potential for real‐time, label‐free THz biomedical diagnostics, particularly in early liver cancer detection.