Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: From Biomaterial Design to Multimodal Therapeutic Integration

Electrospinning technology has shown great potential in the field of peripheral nerve injury repair due to its biomimetic fiber structure, controllable degradability, and multi-functional loading capacity. This article reviews the application of electrospinning technology in nerve repair, with a focus on discussing its research progress in material modification, scaffold design and construction, and multi-technology collaborative repair. Electrospinning scaffolds can optimize the biocompatibility, cell adhesion, and mechanical properties of nerve conduits through physical and chemical modifications, or through the design and construction of scaffolds. At the same time, by combining technologies such as electrical stimulation, drug-loaded sustained-release, hydrogel filling, and 3D printing, a multi-functional synergistic effect can be achieved. It demonstrates significant advantages in structural design, biological activity regulation, and functional regeneration, accelerating the repair and regeneration of nerves after injury. However, it also faces challenges such as preparation efficiency and clinical transformation verification. The future development direction focuses on achieving precise regulation of neural regeneration and functional recovery.