Comparative insight sintering effects on epigallocatechin gallate – mediated nanohydroxyapatite

Nano–hydroxyapatite (n–HAp) has garnered significant attention for its versatile applications, particularly in biomedical and environmental domains. In this study, a comparative analysis was conducted between as–prepared and sintered n–HAp, synthesised using epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a bioactive polyphenol compound. Sintering led to a notable increase in particle size and crystallinity, with the crystallinity index rising from 45 % to 84 %, alongside observable changes in lattice parameters. Morphological analysis revealed that both forms of epigallocatechin gallate–mediated n–HAp (epi–HAp) exhibited nano–globular and flower–like apatite structures. Biological assessments demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility (~ 90 %), low hemolytic activity (~ 0.5 %), and effective hemostatic behaviour, confirming the material's biocompatibility. Interestingly, the as–prepared epi–HAp exhibited slightly enhanced antibacterial activity compared to the sintered counterpart. Overall, the findings suggest that the as–prepared epi–HAp possesses marginally superior characteristics, making it more suitable for biomedical applications.