Constructing Neurology: Jean‐Martin Charcot (1825–1893): A Bicentenary Tribute

OBJECTIVE: To honor the bicentenary of Jean-Martin Charcot's birth and to consolidate the primary materials from a historical exhibit on the topic at the 2025 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Congress, this article aims to provide an overview of Charcot's place in the context of 21st century movement disorders neurology. BACKGROUND: Charcot (1825-1893) is largely considered the Father of Clinical Neurology, having established the basic discipline of anatomo-clinical correlations in brain and spinal cord disease. His contributions to movement disorders neurology were seminal and remain as anchors of 21st century neurological study. METHODS: Original and secondary sources from international archives and collections served as the material for study and interpretation. RESULTS: Charcot fundamentally contributed to the clinical descriptions of Parkinson's disease, other parkinsonian syndromes, tremor conditions, tic disorders and chorea. Whereas he performed extensive neuroanatomical studies, he classified most movement disorders as névroses, conditions with undetected structural lesions yet to be defined. CONCLUSIONS: Charcot developed a clear classification system for movement disorders that largely remains intact today. He developed a French School of Neurology of both historical and modern fame, and, in introducing the model of an academic clinical hospital research center as multidimensional integration of clinical care, research, and education, he left a legacy that remains the model of the 21st century neurological research center.