Dietary Polyphenols in Metabolic Diseases: Roles of Gut Microbiota‐Derived Metabolites

Metabolic diseases are a series of chronic diseases accompanied by the body's substance and energy metabolism disorders. Due to their high prevalence rate, metabolic diseases have become a global public health challenge. The effect of polyphenols on gut microbiota-derived metabolites is considered one of the main mechanisms through which they exert their benefits on metabolic diseases. However, comprehensive summarization of the interactions between polyphenols and metabolic diseases is still lacking, especially from the perspective of gut microbiota-derived metabolites. In this review, we first discussed the effects of polyphenols on gut microbiota-derived metabolites and relevant mechanisms. Polyphenols affect these metabolites by regulating gut microbiota composition, impacting enzymes, receptors, and transporters. Then, categorized by the different metabolic diseases, including obesity, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gout, and osteoporosis, we summarized the corresponding polyphenols-modulated gut microbiota-derived metabolites in each metabolic disease and the role of these metabolites in the treatment of metabolic diseases. In addition, we also provided our suggestions for future research on polyphenols. Our review provided a reasonable reference for the better utilization of polyphenols.