Responsive liquid metal materials towards unstructured environment

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Authors: Bo Yuan, Huaitong Song, Kaiyuan Xiang, S H Tang, Cailin Liu, Hongzhang Wang
Cited by: 1
References: 122

Abstract

Abstract Real‐world environments are dynamic, variable, and often unpredictable, where temperature, pressure, and chemical composition fluctuate beyond designed limits. Such complexity challenges materials to maintain reliable behavior under coupled physical and chemical fields. Room‐temperature liquid metals (RTLMs) show excellent adaptability originating from metallic and fluid. The coexistence of high conductivity, deformability, and reconfigurable interfaces enables stable performance across unstable or fluctuating environments. This review focuses on RTLM‐based material systems under unstructured conditions, analyzing how their physicochemical characteristics, including interfacial dynamics, oxidation tolerance, and recoverable morphology, govern environmental adaptability, mechanical resilience, self‐healing, and long‐term stability. Five representative unstructured scenarios are discussed, including in vivo, underwater, open‐air, space, and high‐radiation environments, illustrating how RTLMs achieve multifunctions including sensing, actuation, thermal regulation, and shielding under non‐ideal conditions. The outlook highlights remaining challenges in interfacial control, material standardization, and scalable integration. RTLMs provide a material foundation for robust and adaptive systems capable of sustained operation in complex real‐world environments.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials Advanced Materials and Mechanics Surface Modification and Superhydrophobicity

Publication details

Journal / source
Responsive materials
Publisher
Wiley
Volume
4
Issue
1
Publication date
14 January 2026
Language
EN