Achievements and Prospects of Nanomaterials Used in Electrochemical Biosensors

ABSTRACT This review summarizes the achievements and prospects of nanomaterials in electrochemical biosensors. By exploiting their distinctive electrical, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties, nanomaterials have enabled faster electron transfer, stronger electrochemical signals, and more efficient biomolecule immobilization, thereby improving the sensitivity, selectivity, and overall performance of biosensors. These advances have also facilitated the miniaturization and integration of devices, supporting the development of portable and wearable platforms for point‐of‐care diagnostics and continuous monitoring. In addition to highlighting key applications in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety, this review critically examines current challenges, including the large‐scale synthesis, surface functionalization, and device integration of nanomaterials, as well as issues of long‐term stability, biocompatibility, and environmental impact. Finally, we outline emerging research directions such as novel material classes, advanced manufacturing, and AI‐enabled data analysis that are expected to drive the next generation of nanomaterial‐based electrochemical biosensors.