Pomegranate‐Mediated Sol–Gel Synthesis of TiO 2 /HAp Nanocomposites for Bone Cancer Treatment Applications

ABSTRACT In recent years, the development of eco‐friendly and suitable nanomaterials for biomedical and environmental applications has become a key area of research. A titanium dioxide/hydroxyapatite (TiO 2 /HAp) nanocomposite was synthesized using pomegranate fruit extracts as natural reducing and stabilizing agents, providing an environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional synthesis methods. Biological activities, including the antioxidant and anticancer potential of the nanocomposites, were evaluated using in vitro assays. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectra confirmed the orthorhombic and hexagonal structures of the TiO 2 /HAp nanocomposites. Characterization techniques such as Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy verified the formation of well‐defined crystalline nanocomposites with controlled morphology, high stability, and unique optical properties. The TiO 2 /HAp nanocomposites demonstrated significant antioxidant activity and promising cytotoxic effects against selected cancer cell lines, highlighting their potential as multifunctional materials for biomedical applications. The green synthesis approach using pomegranate fruit extracts offers a sustainable and biocompatible way of making TiO 2 /HAp nanomaterials that could be considered for biomedical applications such as chemotherapy.