Brassica Carinata Oil for Sustainable Biolubricants: Advances in Modification, Nanocatalysis, and Future Prospects

ABSTRACT Growing environmental concerns and the need for sustainable industrial solutions have intensified interest in vegetable oils as renewable feedstocks for biolubricants. Brassica carinata stands out for its nonedible nature, favorable fatty acid composition, and adaptability to marginal lands. This review examines recent progress in the development of B. carinata ‐based biolubricants, emphasizing catalytic modification strategies such as epoxidation and ring‐opening to enhance thermal, oxidative, and hydrolytic stability. Advances in nanocatalyst technology, particularly sulfated metal oxides, are discussed with attention to their synthesis routes, catalytic benefits, and functional role of sulfate groups. Key performance parameters, including viscosity, pour point, tribological behavior, biodegradability, and toxicity, are evaluated alongside the influence of fatty acid profile, chemical modification, and additive incorporation. Applications across industrial and emerging sectors are outlined, followed by an assessment of technical and economic challenges. The review concludes by identifying future research priorities, highlighting green synthesis methods, biotechnology integration, and circular economy approaches for high‐performance, sustainable lubricants.