Structural, Dielectric, and Microwave Study of Nanocrystalline Barium Titanate for a Microstrip Patch Antenna

ABSTRACT Ceramic‐based Microstrip patch antennas (MPA) are widely used in wireless communication systems to address emerging telecommunications challenges related to size, bandwidth, and transceiver system gain. This study demonstrates the use of Barium titanate ceramic substrates for microstrip patch antennas with frequencies ranging from 8.2 to 12.4 GHz (X‐band). The dielectric ceramic‐based substrate, with a thickness of 1.23 mm, a length of 34 mm, and a width of 17 mm, was used to simulate the microstrip patch antenna. The research focused on electromagnetic parameters such as permittivity, permeability, dielectric loss, and magnetic loss. The nanocrystalline BaTiO 3 was synthesized by high‐energy planetary ball milling followed by calcination at a temperature of 1200°C and sintering 1300 °C . The XRD graph shows a single tetragonal perovskite structure with an average crystallite size of 95.63 nm. The FESEM micrograph revealed a grain size of 2.73 µm. The microstrip patch antenna operating in X‐band, based on the BT ceramic, has an excellent simulation return loss of ‐44.48 dB (9.91 GHz) and measured return loss ‐34.94 dB (9.95 GHz), simulation bandwidth 361.19 MHz, and measured bandwidth 366.8 GHz, directivity of 7.13 dB, gain of 6.26 dB, and VSWR