Dual Mechanistic Insights Into the Antibacterial Action of Graphene Oxide (GO) Derived From CVD‐Grown Graphene Against Salmonella enterica Typhimurium ms202

ABSTRACT The rise of multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacterial strains has created an urgent demand for alternative antibacterial strategies. In this work, graphene was synthesized using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique and subsequently oxidized to obtain graphene oxide (GO), which was then evaluated against Salmonella enterica Typhimurium ms202, a clinically isolated MDR strain. The prepared materials were systematically characterized by employing standard microscopic and spectroscopic tools to confirm their functional and structural features. Antibacterial performance was evaluated through colony forming unit (CFU) counting, growth curve analysis, and live–dead fluorescence assays, all of which demonstrated a strong dose‐dependent inhibitory effect of GO, with higher concentrations causing substantial membrane damage and loss of bacterial viability. The additional molecular docking analysis provided qualitative insight into possible interaction modes between representative GO surface motifs and key bacterial proteins, including KatG, OmpA, and RecA. Taken together, the experimental and computational results indicated GO derived from CVD‐grown graphene exerts antibacterial activity through a combination of physical membrane disruption and chemically mediated interference with bacterial survival pathways, highlighting its potential for future biomedical and environmental applications.