Advanced Analytical Techniques for Detection of Malathion Pesticide: A Comprehensive Review Based on Environmental Concerns

ABSTRACT Pesticides are used to control, prevent, or eliminate pests that threaten crops, public health, and stored products. Malathion, an organophosphate pesticide, remains a priority contaminant across water, food, and soil, leading to environmental contamination and bioaccumulation in ecosystems. Their widespread and often indiscriminate use has raised significant concerns. This comprehensive review presents recent advances in the detection of Malathion using spectrometric, chromatographic, and biosensor techniques. Spectrometric methods deliver rapid screening with minimal sample preparation. Chromatographic workflows provide confirmatory quantification and separation, whereas immunoassays are required for pesticide residue quantification or screening. Electroanalytical sensors and advanced biosensors can be categorized into different types, such as non‐enzymatic, colorimetric, fluorescence‐based, including metallic organic framework (MOF‐based), aptamer‐based, and molecular imprinted polymer (MIP‐based), offering low‐cost, real‐time monitoring of samples. Future advancements in Malathion detection by integrating nanomaterials, microfluidics, and aptamer or antibody‐based recognition elements in biosensors, enabling faster, more selective, and ultra‐sensitive detection. The convergence of spectrometric, chromatographic, and biosensor technologies promises comprehensive tools for environmental monitoring, food safety, and health diagnostics in the upcoming years.