Exploring the impact of microbial dysbiosis on ovarian cancer and the therapeutic potential of probiotics

Abstract Ovarian cancer has a grim prognosis due to its delayed detection and limited therapeutic options. Emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome–metabolome axis may contribute to tumor progression, yet its role in ovarian cancer remains unclear. To address this gap, we performed a multiomics profiling of ovarian tumors and matched nonmalignant tissues, identifying a tumor‐associated dysbiosis coupled with metabolic reprogramming. Tumor tissues exhibited reduced overall α‐diversity compared with controls, while progressive compositional shifts were observed with increasing tumor grade. Correlation analyses further mapped a clinical microbe–metabolite network revealing coordinated association patterns across tumor features. Functionally, vaginal administration of Lactobacillus modestly attenuated tumor growth and promoted M1‐like macrophage polarization in an orthotopic ovarian cancer model. These findings highlight a functional microbiome–metabolome–immunity axis in ovarian cancer and suggest that restoring commensal taxa may offer a strategy to reprogram the tumor immune microenvironment.