GIN Project: A Geodetic Integrated Network for Monitoring and Topographical Surveying in the Emilia-Romagna Region Suitable both for Classical and Space Geodetic Techniques

Abstract Geodetic networks are fundamental for the representation, monitoring, and management of territory. The network of permanent GNSS stations and the tide gauge networks enable the accurate definition and monitoring of the reference system, addressing both spatial and altimetric aspects (with the availability of both ellipsoidal and orthometric heights). Passive networks, used for three-dimensional positioning (via GNSS or traditional topographic instruments) or for altimetric measurements, allow comprehensive access to all parts of the territory and support more localized surveys. The Emilia-Romagna region in Italy is a territory affected by subsidence (both natural and anthropogenic), coastal erosion, landslides, and recent catastrophic events such as earthquakes and extreme weather phenomena. To effectively manage and monitor such a complex territory, relevant authorities have developed an Integrated Geodetic Network project, comprising permanent GNSS stations (capable of providing real-time positioning services), tide gauges, and passive networks referenced to shared coordinate systems. With the support of a geoid undulation model, this system will enable more accurate understanding and management of the territory.