The Digital Transformation of the Public Sector in Spain: Successful Intergovernmental Cooperation in a non-politicized area and within the Framework of the EU

Abstract Since the end of the 1990s, Spain has experienced a strong digital transformation of its public administration. Starting with first electronic services of the Spanish Tax Agency in 1996, the online availability of public services has been growing steadily over the last decade. Spain has invested significantly in the digitalization of its public sector, ranking between 2012 and 2022 well above the EU average in the EU Digital Public Administration Indicators on digital public services for citizens and businesses (European Commission, 2022a). Spain also is among the most advanced EU Member States on total High-Capacity Network coverage with more than 90% of homes covered (European Commission, 2022b).