Maldivian Island Typologies for Coastal Adaptation to Future Sea Level Rise

Abstract Coral atoll islands, such as those in the Maldives, demonstrate landscapes acutely vulnerable to climate change-driven sea-level rise (SLR) and related coastal hazards. These challenges, including recurrent flooding, shoreline erosion, and salinization of freshwater lenses, directly threaten the sustainability of human habitation and livelihoods. Building on insights from previous studies, atoll islands continue to exhibit inherent dynamism, offering paths for adaptive responses that will complement ecological resilience with engineered solutions. This research employs clustering to classify Maldivian islands based on critical variables, including demographic density, wave energy exposure, and the extent of coastal defences. The analysis reveals six distinct island typologies, each characterized by specific socio-environmental challenges and opportunities for adaptation. Findings stress the critical need for tailored adaptation frameworks specific for islands reinforcing the importance of avoiding generalized approaches, promoting the equitable allocation of resources to enhance resilience across diverse island contexts. The findings of this study maybe useful for shaping adaptive policies in atoll nations facing similar climate challenges worldwide.