Integration of UAV-GPS Surveys and Terrestrial LiDAR for High-Resolution Mapping: An Exploratory Methodology for Hazards

This study presents a comprehensive methodology for high-resolution hazard geospatial mapping that combines UAV-GPS surveys and terrestrial LiDAR. This technique uses aerial and ground-based sensing systems to create detailed, three-dimensional terrain models, offering enhanced accuracy and comprehensive coverage. UAVs, combined with high-resolution GPS systems, enable the swift collection of data over large areas, producing detailed orthoimagery and digital surface models. Ground LiDAR systems assess detailed surface features and vertical elements that aerial surveys cannot detect. The combined workflow consists of several stages: (1) equipment preparation and calibration, (2) ground control point deployment, (3) terrestrial LiDAR data acquisition, (4) robust co-registration algorithms for seamless data fusion, (5) data processing and co-registration, (6) quality control and validation and (7) integrated data products. The research validates its findings through field tests across different geological environments, demonstrating that the system achieves centimetre-level precision across various spatial scales. This integrated approach addresses common survey constraints, including vegetation blocking, steep-slope shadows and GPS signal loss. Applications of this approach include assessing geohazards, measuring slopes, identifying geostructures, and supporting geological basin analysis. The multisensor framework provides a comprehensive design solution for projects that require broad coverage alongside accurate detail, thereby enhancing the capabilities of geospatial mapping and geovisualisation techniques.