The Quark-Gluon Plasma: Diagnosis with Thermal Hadron Production from the Early History Until Detailed Characterization at High Energy Colliders

Abstract In nuclear collisions at relativistic energies, matter is created which resembles closely the matter that filled all space until about $$15\,\upmu s$$ 15 μ s after the big bang. Here we summarize selected aspects of the research that led to the establishment of this new sub-field of physics and briefly describe its current ‘state of the art’ with emphasis on matter creation through thermal particle production. In particular, we will focus on particle production at low transverse momentum and explain how its analysis sheds light on one of the key open questions, i.e. what is the mechanism of hadronization of colored objects such as quarks and gluons.