AdS3 axion wormholes as stable contributions to the Euclidean gravitational path integral

A bstract Recent work has demonstrated that Euclidean Giddings-Strominger axion wormholes are stable in asymptotically flat 4D Minkowski spacetime, suggesting that they should, at least naively, be included as contributions in the quantum gravitational path integral. Such inclusion appears to lead to known wormhole paradoxes, such as the factorization problem. In this paper, we generalize these results to AdS 3 spacetime, where the axion is equivalent to a U(1) gauge field. We explicitly construct the classical wormhole solutions, show their regularity and stability, and compute their actions for arbitrary ratios of the wormhole mouth radius τ min to the AdS radius l and across various topologies. Finally, We discuss potential implications of these findings for the 3D gravitational path integral.