Bourgain’s Condition, Sticky Kakeya, and New Examples

Abstract We prove that in all dimensions at least 3 and for any Hörmander-type phase function satisfying Bourgain’s condition, the sticky case of the corresponding curved Kakeya conjecture reduces to the sticky case of the classical Kakeya conjecture. This supports a conjecture of Guo–Wang–Zhang that an oscillatory integral operator satisfies the same $L^{p}$ L p bounds as in the restriction conjecture exactly when its phase function satisfies Bourgain’s condition. Our result follows from a new geometric characterization of Bourgain’s condition in terms of straightening curved $\delta $ δ -tubes in a $\delta ^{1/2}$ δ 1 / 2 -tube. We construct examples in all dimensions at least 3 which show this local straightening property does not persist in a larger tube and, in particular, these are the first phase functions satisfying Bourgain’s condition for which there is no diffeomorphism taking the corresponding families of curves to lines. This suggests that a general to sticky reduction in the spirit of Wang–Zahl needs substantial new ideas, and we take initial steps in this direction. We expect these examples to serve as a natural testing ground.