A brief history of otologic surgery: restoring hearing through the ages

BACKGROUND: With an aging demographic, hearing loss is set to become the most common sensory deficit worldwide. Hearing impairment has a profound and far-reaching impact on wellbeing, extending well beyond the immediate challenges of sound perception. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to trace the evolution of surgical practices in otology from ancient to modern times, emphasizing key milestones that have shaped the field. METHODS: A narrative historical review was conducted examining major developments in otologic surgery, with particular focus on contributions from key figures including Hippocrates, Riolan, Kessel, Shea, Berthold and House. The review centers on the management of conductive hearing pathologies, specifically ear infections, ossicular and bony abnormalities, and tympanic membrane perforations. RESULTS: Historical analysis demonstrates a progressive refinement of surgical techniques, driven by anatomical discoveries, technological advancements, and innovative operative approaches. Contributions from pioneering surgeons significantly advanced the management of conductive hearing disorders and laid the foundation for modern otologic surgery. CONCLUSION: The evolution of otologic surgery reflects the transformative impact of medical, surgical and technological innovation on hearing restoration. Understanding this historical progression provides essential context for current practice and highlights potential avenues for future advancement.