Stretching and potentiation for performance optimization: effects on upper limbs in competitive swimmers

This study examined the acute effects of combining short-duration static stretching with resistance-based activation, designed to induce post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), on upper-limb muscle mechanics and neuromuscular performance. Fourteen competitive swimmers (7 male, 7 female) completed three randomized warm-up protocols: (1) general aerobic activity (CON), (2) Aerobic activity + 2 × 30 s of static stretching for latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major (SS), and (3) Aerobic activity + static stretching + 3 × 5 reps of resistance-band pull-overs (SS/PAPE). Shoulder extension range of motion (ROM), pectoralis- and latissimus dorsi-passive muscle stiffness and elasticity as well as isometric/dynamic torque, rate of force development (RFD), and power (isokinetic dynamometer) were assessed pre- and 10 min post-intervention. Results showed significant Time × Protocol interactions for ROM, maximal torque, RFD, and average torque. SS/PAPE elicited the largest ROM gain and improvements in dynamic performance, with significant increases in average torque and RFD, while SS led to modest ROM increases but small and non-significant declines in average torque and RFD. Passive muscle stiffness and elasticity exhibited non-significant changes in all groups. Although relative changes were comparable across sexes, males consistently outperformed females in torque and RFD, while females presented higher ROM than males. These findings demonstrate that integrating brief static stretching with sport-specific, high-intensity upper-limb activation can acutely enhance flexibility and explosive force generation without impairing performance. The Stretching + PAPE approach offers a practical, time-efficient warm-up strategy for overhead athletes, particularly in contexts where rapid force production at extended joint positions is essential.