Frontiers in cadmium mitigation: harnessing Nitrate Transporter 1 (NRT1) for plant systems

MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Within this still-developing research landscape, NRT1 transporters are increasingly recognized as regulators of nitrate reallocation and related cadmium (Cd) responses in plants, integrating transporter activity, hormonal signaling, and gene regulation. Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal and a major environmental pollutant that acts as a significant abiotic stress factor in plant systems. Its contamination poses a persistent threat to both ecosystems and food safety, with important implications for phytoremediation and broader environmental management strategies. In this article, we present a perspective on the role of the Nitrate Transporter 1 (NRT1) family in plant Cd research, a topic that warrants further investigation given that emerging evidence has linked NRT1 members to Cd tolerance and to the modulation of Cd uptake and accumulation in model species, crop plants of food safety importance, and plant species with relevance to Cd management research. Although functional studies remain relatively limited, current evidence suggests and highlights that specific NRT1 isoforms influence Cd distribution and plant growth under stress conditions. In addition, hormonal regulation, genetic engineering, and emerging biotechnological tools provide opportunities to fine-tune NRT1 activity. We also outline key priorities for future research. Overall, this perspective offers a forward-looking view on leveraging NRT1 transporters and related genes for biological engineering strategies aimed at improving plant performance and food safety in Cd-contaminated environments, while contributing to broader Cd mitigation efforts.