Empowering olive cultivation with artificial intelligence: a systematic literature review on advancements and prospects

Abstract This study provides a Systematic Literature Review on the application of Artificial Intelligence algorithms in the primary sector of olive cultivation. It compiles and analyses a collection of studies that leverage AI to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of olive production, maintenance, and harvesting processes. In this study, 43 papers were reviewed from the databases IEEE, Scopus, and Web of Science through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method. This research aims to identify AI applications in the primary olive growing sector. The findings highlight a significant trend toward adopting advanced AI techniques, particularly Deep Learning algorithms such as Convolutional Neural Networks, for many tasks ranging from cultivar identification and foliar disease classification to crop yield forecasting with high accuracies.