Decellularized bone matrix-enriched 3D-printed GelMA scaffold as a cell-homing platform: analysis using an artificial pulp chamber model

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate bio-printed hydrogels based on gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) combined with different proportions of decellularized bovine bone matrix microparticles (BMdc). METHODS: GelMA hydrogels were synthesized and incorporated with decellularized bovine bone matrix (BMdc) at 1% by weight. 3D scaffolds were fabricated through extrusion, with varying infill densities (40%, 50%, and 60%), followed by photoactivation. Biological analyses included cell viability (Live/Dead assay), and proliferation (Alamar Blue assay), as well as osteogenic differentiation (ALP activity and Alizarin Red staining) over a 21-day period in HDPCs. Porosity and pore size were assessed with Rhodamine B staining, and cell migration to scaffolds was evaluated in a biomimetic artificial pulp chamber model. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Scaffolds with the highest porosity and the largest pore size in comparison with other groups was detected in the 40% infill group (p < 0.05). Cells in the 50% and 60% infill groups exhibited higher viability, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation, especially when BMdc particles were incorporated (p < 0.05). The greatest cell migration at the artificial pulp chamber model was observed in the 60% infill group in association with BMdc particles (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, 3D-printed GelMA-BMdc hydrogel with 60% infill is a cytocompatible biomaterial capable of inducing cell adhesion, odontogenic differentiation, and mineralization. This innovative biomaterial shows potential for future direct pulp capping applications.