Cocaine Use, Unhealthy Alcohol Use, and Pain Interference Among People with HIV

Pain is prevalent among people with HIV (PWH), and many PWH who experience pain also use substances (illicit drug and/or unhealthy alcohol use). While cocaine use and cocaine and alcohol co-use are prevalent in this population, their effects on pain in PWH are unknown. This study aims to investigate the association of cocaine use and co-use of cocaine and alcohol with pain interference among PWH. We completed a secondary analysis of the Boston Alcohol Research Collaboration on HIV/AIDS (ARCH) study, a longitudinal cohort of PWH with a history of substance use. The outcome was pain interference (Brief Pain Inventory). Exposures were recent cocaine use (Addiction Severity Index) and recent unhealthy alcohol use (Timeline Follow Back). Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) ordinal logistic regression models were employed, adjusted for demographic factors, illicit/non-medical opioid use and cannabis use. Among 251 participants, 22.3% reported unhealthy alcohol use only, 11.1% reported cocaine use only, and 13.2% reported use of both. Cocaine use was associated with greater pain interference (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-2.60), whether or not participants had unhealthy alcohol use (interaction term, p = 0.695). Participants reporting both cocaine and unhealthy alcohol use had greater pain interference than participants reporting neither (aOR: 2.27, 95%CI: 1.35-3.79). Cocaine use was associated with greater pain interference as was co-use of cocaine and unhealthy alcohol among PWH. Considering patterns of substance use can inform clinicians conversations with PWH who may be using substances for pain management.