Consistent tie-strength labeling for multilayer strong triadic closure

Abstract Inferring tie strengths ( strong vs. weak ) is a core task in network analysis, often guided by the Strong Triadic Closure (STC) principle. In multilayer networks, such as social platforms or biological systems, applying STC independently to each layer can lead to inconsistent tie labels, undermining interpretations that rely on coherent relationship semantics across layers. We propose new formulations, multilayer STC and its extension STC+, which are axiomatically grounded and enforce cross-layer consistency. These problems are NP-hard; we present efficient 2- and 6-approximation algorithms alongside exact solutions. Experiments on real-world networks demonstrate that our methods produce consistent tie strength labelings with a transparent structural justification, significantly improving over the baselines.