A survey on performance evaluations in time-dependent Petri nets

Abstract Time-dependent Petri nets extend the classical Petri net formalism by incorporating timing constraints, enabling the modeling and analysis of temporal behavior in discrete event systems. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the foundational concepts and major classes of time-dependent Petri nets, including both deterministic and stochastic variants. We explore their modeling capabilities, formal analysis techniques, and a range of performance evaluation methods. In particular, we aim to analyze the performance indices such as cycle time, throughput, and resource utilization, which are critical for assessing system efficiency and scalability. Examples are provided to demonstrate how system performance is evaluated. Additionally, we discuss current challenges and emerging trends in the field, highlighting open research problems and potential future directions.