Recent advances in thermophysical properties of MXene and its hybrid nanofluid for thermal application: progress, opportunities, and challenges

Nanofluids have facilitated the improvement of several current thermal application performances. The improved working fluids possess remarkable thermophysical qualities, rendering them superior alternatives to conventional working fluids. Conversely, MXenes have been demonstrated in the literature to possess the highest thermal conductivity compared to all other nanoscale materials. Consequently, when these materials are uniformly distributed in a base fluid, the resultant suspension is expected to achieve significantly greater effective thermal conductivity than its equivalent. Despite this fact, challenges remain regarding these fluids. The primary limitation is the dispersion stability of nanoparticles, which can result in the deterioration of the nanofluid’s advantageous features over time, ultimately leading to a loss of effectiveness. This paper is devoted to a comprehensive review of MXene nanofluids and their application in thermal systems common in the energy sector. This paper initially examines the synthesis methods of MXene and elucidates the production techniques for nanofluids. The stability and thermal conductivity of MXene nanofluid were examined. Furthermore, the thermophysical characteristics and thermal applications of MXene nanofluid are also examined. Finally, the issues associated with MXene nanofluid and the existing gaps in scientific understanding are presented to establish future research directions.