When and how do governments succeed in introducing electronic voting (e-voting)? A qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of 35 OECD countries

Abstract Electronic voting (e-voting) is pivotal for modern democratic institutions in the digital age. Despite nearly six decades of e-voting technology development, significant disparities exist in its global introduction. Existing studies primarily focus on country-specific experiences, leading to limited generalizable insights into what defines successful e-voting introduction and its enablers. This study bridges this gap by proposing a comprehensive definition of successful e-voting introduction. We then explore on what grounds e-voting introduction succeeds or fails by applying fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to data from 35 OECD countries. Results reveal that the broader policy environments, digital readiness and citizens’ trust and ability to use technology significantly shape e-voting policies. Government commitment and policy alignment are identified as plausible complementary explanations for both success and failure. The study underscores the interplay of institutional and societal factors, rather than isolated influences, is the key driver of e-voting success.