Spectroscopic Analysis and RHD Modeling of the First Ca II H and H$\epsilon $ Flare Spectra from DKIST/ViSP

Abstract We analyze decay phase observations of the GOES class C6.7 flare SOL2022-08-19T20:31 by the Visible Spectropolarimeter (ViSP) on the National Science Foundation’s Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST). The data include the first flare-time DKIST observations of the chromospheric Ca II H 396.8 nm and H $\epsilon $ ϵ 397.0 nm spectral lines. These diagnostics have rarely been studied together during the modern era of high-resolution solar flare observations, and never at the spectral and spatial resolution of the DKIST. We directly compare DKIST spectra to state-of-the-art RADYN+RH simulations, including one heated by a nonthermal electron beam and one by in-situ thermal conduction. While certain salient properties of the spectra such as the width of H $\epsilon $ ϵ are reproduced, the models severely underestimate the width of Ca II H in the red wing and fail to reproduce the exact relative intensity of Ca II H to H $\epsilon $ ϵ . The models exhibit a range of chromospheric electron densities spanning over an order of magnitude. Unlike the modeled lower-order Balmer-series lines, we find that the width of H $\epsilon $ ϵ is not solely related to the high-density upper chromosphere; the widths and intensities are also sensitive to the deeper flare layers. We outline possible avenues towards improvement of flare models, such as a comprehensive evaluation of flare heating mechanisms in the context of both impulsive and decay phase high-resolution data.