Time-Resolved X-ray and Neutron Imaging of Brine Percolation and Liquefaction in an Ultra-Soft Sandstone

Abstract The inherent instability and risk of liquefaction associated with unstable glaciomarine clay are both scientifically intriguing and societally important. Stabilizing sensitive soils is increasingly necessary with the unfolding climate crisis, which leads to wilder and wetter weather. The relevant length scales extend from nanometer-sized pores to kilometer-sized geological features. Laboratory experiments are important for gaining a better understanding of these phenomena. Here, we present a study of the ultra-soft sandstone Saltwash South , which essentially consists of quartz particles glued together by clay, as a proxy for nanoscopically fine-grained sensitive soil to facilitate time-resolved imaging of the onset of activation and liquefaction. By employing in situ time-resolved combined X-ray and neutron computed tomography (CT), we visualize the structural deformation caused by the presence of water and salts. While neutron imaging was sensitive to the presence of normal and heavy water, simultaneous X-ray imaging was used to measure the porous structure, swelling, and initial liquefaction response of the consolidated rock. Uniform expansion was observed in regions exposed to water, reflecting clay swelling and disaggregation. In tightly confined samples, the swelling and disaggregation were suppressed. Finally, we discuss future perspectives of this promising approach to studying liquefaction phenomena in porous media.