First simultaneous identification of Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella bovis in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedaries) in the Sahara Desert

This study describes the first simultaneous identification of Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella bovis in dromedary camels from the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf, Algeria. Four lactating camels showing ocular lesions including conjunctival hyperemia, lacrimation, keratoconjunctivitis, and inflammation of the third eyelid were examined. Ocular swabs were collected and analyzed using real-time PCR for major bacterial and viral ocular pathogens. Only M. bovoculi (Cq 27) and M. bovis (Cq 36) were detected, while all other agents tested negative. Clinical recovery was achieved in all animals after topical treatment with oxytetracycline. The findings suggest a possible polymicrobial etiology, as has been described in cattle, and highlight the susceptibility of camels to pathogens traditionally associated with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. The absence of other pathogens reinforces the role of Moraxella spp. as primary etiological agents in these cases. This report provides new insights into camel ocular health and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment under field conditions. Moreover, it underscores the need to strengthen disease surveillance and preventive strategies in humanitarian contexts, where camel health is closely linked to the food security and livelihoods of displaced populations.