The plastisphere: from microbial pollution to biodegradable solution

Abstract Microplastic pollution is threatening planetary health and sustainable development. The microbiota colonizing microplastic surfaces, termed the plastisphere, has emerged as artificial niches that harbor both microbial risks and novel biodegradation potential. However, these two aspects of the plastisphere have often been investigated in isolation. In this review, we first elaborate on how microplastics act as vectors in facilitating the enrichment and dissemination of pathogens, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and even virus, thereby causing serious microbial and ecological risks, and eventually impacting human health. To address the potential risks, the key plastic-degrading resources, the underlying mechanisms, and recent advances in biodegradation technologies are synthesized. Given the dual roles of plastisphere microbes, we therefore propose a two-dimensional screening framework to identify safer and more efficient degraders. This review aims to guide the selection or synthesis of safe and highly efficient degrading microbial consortia, thereby providing sustainable and eco-friendly strategies for mitigating plastic pollution.