SEOM–GEMCAD–TTD clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer (update 2025)

Esophageal cancer represents an aggressive disease positioned as the seventh-leading cause of death from cancer. Esophageal cancer comprises two different diseases that should be distinguished by histology, i.e., squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The epidemiology and molecular differences between these two entities explain their different responsiveness to novel treatments which should be treated independently. The improvement in outcomes of patients with esophageal cancer are obtained when a multidisciplinary therapeutic strategy is utilized. The introduction of targeted therapies including immunotherapy has markedly improved patient outcomes. We present an updated version of the Spanish esophageal cancer guidelines, summarizing the current evidence and available therapies for the treatment of esophageal cancer.