Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination: clinical evidence and future vaccine directions

Summary The introduction of prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines has been a major step forward in preventive oncology. Initial randomized trials demonstrated that vaccination effectively prevents persistent HPV infection and precancerous disease. More recently, population-based data have shown striking reductions in invasive cervical cancer. Long-term follow-up studies confirm sustained immunity without evidence of waning protection, indicating that booster doses are not required. Evidence is also accumulating that a single vaccine dose may provide protection comparable to two doses, a finding with major implications for affordability and global access. Reaching the World Health Organization 2030 elimination target will, however, require continued progress.