Digital transformation, regional labour markets, and the Generation Z workforce in mining: a comparative analysis of the Bowen Basin and Queensland

Abstract The widespread adoption of Industry 4.0 in the mining industry has shifted labour demand toward roles requiring digital literacy, data analysis, and other non-traditional mining skills. This shift has influenced the labour supply and skills demands of the industry. Additionally, the entry of Generation Z into the workforce has introduced new dynamics, as their approaches to work and interaction create both challenges and opportunities for mining-dependent communities. This study examines job and skill demands in the Bowen Basin, a typical mining region, and assesses whether Gen Z can meet these demands or risk widening existing skill gaps. The findings indicate that, while Queensland offers a broader range of professional positions with strong emphasis on digitalisation and automation, the Bowen Basin remains highly concentrated in coal production-related jobs. Although Gen Z’s digital capacities align well with emerging roles, their soft skills may constrain their adaptability in roles that require different communication styles and hierarchical organisation. The findings highlight the need for enhanced training and organisational culture reforms in areas such as effective communication for the Gen Z workforce. In the meantime, place-based workforce development strategies need to integrate green transition goals to ensure that labour markets adapt to transformation while retaining a local talent pool. This requires coordination among policymakers, mining companies, and educational providers.