Microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) as a promising renewable clean technology for green hydrogen and value-added compounds production: towards achieving sustainable development goals

Abstract Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) represent a promising strategy for simultaneously treating wastewater, generating green hydrogen, and producing various biobased products, while minimizing environmental impact in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These systems have been extensively integrated with bioelectrochemical processes and renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, offering a viable pathway for sustainable development. This review provides a comprehensive summary and analysis of MEC's technology, tracing its evolution from its first discovery in 2004 to the present day. The data analyzed were collected from approximately 2000 papers published since 2004, with a particular focus on studies related to the production of green hydrogen, methane, and high-value-added products. Additionally, the review addresses the various challenges associated with MECs, highlighting innovations in design, operational strategies, and anticipated integration with other renewable energy systems. In conclusion, this work outlines a roadmap for future advancements, providing insights into the potential of MECs for hydrogen production, renewable biochemicals, and environmental applications. This framework aims to facilitate the transition from laboratory-scale experiments to industrial-scale implementation.