International tourism in the digital era: key factors driving economic growth

Tourism revenue is a crucial component of national income, contributing significantly to economic and social development. This study examines the complex relationships among key determinants of international tourism receipts (ITTR) using a sample of 95 countries over the period 2013–2022, excluding the years 2020 and 2021 to avoid distortions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. To analyze how these variables interact and jointly influence tourism income, the study employs a structural equation modeling approach. The results reveal positive and significant effects of Internet connectivity, security conditions, resource availability, and price competitiveness on ITTR. Among these determinants, GDP plays a central role, not only through its direct influence on Internet connectivity but also indirectly by enhancing ITTR via improved digital infrastructure. Furthermore, the findings indicate that price competitiveness exerts both direct and moderating effects on ITTR, strengthening the impact of Internet connectivity in higher-cost destinations.