Emergence of Rechargeable Aqueous Manganese Batteries

Manganese exhibits remarkable chemical versatility, arising from its multiple valence states and diverse coordination environments. This unique redox flexibility underpins a rich spectrum of electrochemical processes, making manganese-based compounds central to the development of advanced energy storage systems. However, it also gives rise to intrinsic instability, involving disproportionation reactions, dissolution of Mn species, and irreversible structural evolution. An in-depth understanding of these coupled chemical-structural dynamics is essential to unlocking the full potential not only of Mn-based electrodes but, more importantly, of aqueous Mn-ion batteries (AMIBs). In this review, we critically summarize the recent progress of AMIBs, with an emphasis on the development and engineering strategies of electrodes and electrolytes. Finally, we propose future perspectives for constructing robust, energetic, and sustainable AMIBs.