Impact of treated wastewater-irrigated local alfalfa on forage quality and milk composition of local goat population in North African Mediterranean drylands

Abstract Sustainable livestock production in North African Mediterranean drylands relies on resilient forage and livestock breeds adapted to harsh environmental conditions. This study evaluates the effects of treated wastewater (TW) irrigation on the nutritional composition of locally bred alfalfa, continuously improved for dryland performance, and its impact on milk composition of local goat population. Alfalfa irrigated with TW showed increased mineral content, particularly potassium (28.21 g Kg −1 DM vs. 25.48 g Kg −1 DM) and calcium (27.47 g Kg −1 DM vs. 25.13 g Kg −1 DM), compared to well water (WW) irrigation. These enhancements were reflected in goat milk, with TW-fed animals producing milk with slightly higher protein (3.24% vs. 3.14%) and potassium (1661 mg L −1 vs. 1559 mg L −1 ) levels. Correlation analysis highlighted significant associations between forage mineral content and milk composition, particularly for calcium, magnesium, and potassium. The findings suggest that TW irrigation can enhance forage quality and mineral bioavailability in milk without compromising nutritional balance. This study underscores the potential of integrating wastewater reuse into sustainable livestock systems, optimizing local genetic resources for improved resilience and productivity in arid regions.