Advancements and obstacles in SiO2 fiber aerogels: enhanced fabrication, mechanics, and novel applications

Silica (SiO 2 ) aerogels are incredibly lightweight, highly porous materials known for their exceptional thermal insulation properties, making them suitable for a wide range of advanced applications, including drug delivery, thermal insulation, catalysis, and energy storage. Recent innovations, particularly the incorporation of nanofibers and polymers, have significantly improved the mechanical strength and stability of SiO 2 aerogels, addressing their inherent brittleness. This review highlights the latest advancements in the synthesis of SiO 2 aerogels, with a focus on fibre-based composites that enhance their flexibility and performance. We discuss the sol-gel formation process and the structural characteristics of SiO 2 aerogels, which are critical for their future industrial applications. Despite their promising properties, the commercial use of SiO 2 aerogels has been limited by challenges such as hydrophobic instability, high production costs, and difficulties in scaling up. The review also examines the expanding applications of SiO 2 aerogels in various fields, including astronautics, sensing technologies, biomedicine, and environmental remediation, encompassing air and water purification. Finally, we address the ecological and economic concerns associated with SiO 2 aerogel production and offer recommendations for sustainable development to improve both the financial viability and environmental impact of large-scale manufacturing.